Promotional Campaign for AF

Promotional Campaign for AF Brand positioning Abercrombie and Fitch is an American apparel seller. It was one of the most successful clothing retailers in the country.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Promotional Campaign for AF specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, after the 2007 and 2008 global recession, AF have been recording dwindling profits for four consecutive years (Hoovers Inc. 2010). AF believes that discounts cheapen the brand and cause saturation (Rosenbloom 2009). Secondly, the organisation has not changed its product portfolio for close to two decades. Its clothes are not edgy as it mostly focuses on classical pieces (Datamonitor USA 2009). This approach has made it unpopular among the youthful market. Clearly, the company needs to reinvent itself if it hopes to survive in the fashion industry. The best place to start this journey would be in the international market, with specific emphasis on China. Shown below is a table il lustrating why the company needs to revamp its brand. Challenge Parameter Quantity Stores closed in 2012 number 71 Projected store-closures by 2015 number 1080 Sales declines in 2012 Percentage (%) 26 Sales declines in 2009 Percentage (%) 30 The chart above illustrates market share in the clothing retail market today.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More AF needs a new approach to its products. It has traditionally employed a risky sexual image to market its clothes. Flagship stores often use semi-dressed models to welcome clients. Several marketing campaigns have sparked off controversy on the overt sexiness of the brand. Additionally, the company uses its rich American heritage as a point of differentiation among retailers. Aside from the latter, the AF brand is renowned for high quality and sophistication. The company does not just sell clothes; it se lls a lifestyle to its consumers. Stores are dimly lit and stylish, while retail assistants endeavour to pamper their buyers. To maintain exclusivity, the company sells a maximum of 20 items to its consumers. However, such an approach seems to have failed in the recent economy. The company needs a marketing campaign that will revamp the brand (Percy and Elliott 2009). The following is a SWOT analysis of the company’s brand position Strengths Weaknesses Distinctive brand Expensive clothing Classic American image Highly sexual brand image Influential advertisements in the US Dwindling market in the US market High quality merchandise Lack of appeal among the youth Insensitivity to fashion trends Opportunities Threats Expand into Asia Indigenous Chinese brands may have a large market share Exploit cheap advertising and labour costs in Asia The highly sexual brand image may backfire in Asia Maximise casual consumption market at home Other western brands like HM are already in Asia Creative approach Marketing objectives The three goals of this promotional campaign are: Raise brand awareness in the Chinese market: The primary goal of the campaign is to penetrate the Chinese fashion market by fostering brand awareness. Increase brand sales: Poor performance in the home market necessitates increases in sales in the new market. Once the campaign has created customer trust, then this should lead to an increase in sales for AF products. Strengthen brand identity: The campaign strategy also focuses on strengthening brand identity by introducing efficient marketing ads. It will foster long-term perception of AF as a lifestyle brand. Key message â€Å"Bare yourself† is the key message in the campaign. While the latter communication has been used quite literally in western markets, this message will be reinvented in the Chinese market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Promotional Campaign for AF specifically f or you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Instead of attaching a sexual meaning to the phrase, AF will redefine it to mean self expression and truthfulness. There will be no shirtless models in the fashion show or outdoor posters and banners. The Chinese are very conservative people who would not resonate with such a level of explicitness. The promotion will emphasise pride in oneself as a plan for self expression. Media strategy Communication mix Public relations Social media awareness will be a significant pillar of the campaign. China’s primary social media website is Weibo. Therefore, AF will use this platform to implement the promotion. It will create a Weibo company web page that will contain information about the company, commercials and other updates concerning AF. Customers can also share their experiences with each other concerning the same. Additionally, public relations will occur through in-app mobile advertising. Here, the company will reach i ts target audience through a smart phone application. The target audience is increasingly relying on mobile phones for internet access, so this would be a highly effective way of reaching them. Finally, the company will sponsor sporting events so as to popularise the brand. Sales Promotion This aspect will involve student discounts, a fashion show, as well as a lucky draw. They will last for one month after launching the flagship store because buyers need an inducement to visit AF (Hackley 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If customers purchase goods over a certain amount, they will be entitled to a lucky draw where they could win specific gifts. Fashion shows have always been effective marketing tools for this retailer in different parts of the world; therefore, China will not be an exception. When launching the flagship store, AF will have a fashion show that consists of intercultural models. The reason behind this approach is to show Chinese customers that the brand is international. Using only American models would alienate buyers and cause them to perceive the brand as exclusively western (Akaka Alden 2010). The event will host a series of Chinese celebrities, bloggers and media personalities so as to increase the popularity of the brand and to raise awareness (Belch and Belch 2008). Direct marketing AF will market its products directly to consumers through a mobile application. Individuals will get information through Wechat and QR codes. The retailer will communicate with buyers on the AF bran d such that the can know the basics about it (Cook 2001). Customers will see images of models in the retailer’s clothes; learn about nearby retailer stores and other sales intricacies. Advertisement The AF message will also be carried forward in mass advertisements. Train stations and high –traffic areas will have posters and banners that promote the opening of the retail store (Leiss et. al. 2005). Celebrities will endorse the product by wearing it, and their images will also be posted all over billboards in the Chinese capital Beijing. The firm will work with individuals like Edison Chen (shown below) to promote the business (McFall 2004). Other posters will have images of young couples jumping in the wind and others having fun at the beach. The posters will encourage buyers to express and bare themselves. Viral video campaigns will also form part of the promotional exercise. The ad will last for five minutes (Sasser Kosolow 2013). In it, two gentlemen, at a golf c ourse, will walk toward a parking lot while chatting. One of them will have an AF t-shirt while the other will not. Once they get to a well polished and impressive car, they will start looking for something and a parking lot attendant will come their way. The attendant will then hand over the car keys to the AF wearer because he looks like the owner of the vehicle. They both giggle and exchange the keys. As they drive off, someone in the background will say ‘With Abercrombie Fitch nobody will ever know the difference.’ The ad will be available in YouTube and will also air after the prime-time news. Implementation The four-stage campaign will start on 1st March and end on 31st May. These are the phases involved in the campaign Planning In this phase, the company will work with stakeholders, interview members of a focus group and prepare for the campaign roll out. The company will mobilise resources for the campaign and sign contracts with various media outlets. Planning will commence on the 1st of March and end on the 31st of March. Implementation Here, the organisation will launch the social media website, outdoor banners as well as the viral video. Implementation starts on 1st April and ends on the 30th of that same month. Monitoring During the campaign promotion, it will be crucial to monitor the effectiveness of the campaign. The firm will make minor adjustments in order to ascertain that everything is going according to plan (Rayner 2007). This aspect will take place between the 1st of Aril and 31st May. Evaluation: AF will carry out an evaluation of the promotional campaign after it is officially over from May. The company will analyse sales data and social media feedback. This information will be compared to retail competitors in the country as well as sales projections in the company. Target audience The campaign targets youthful, affluent Chinese customers between the age of 16 and 24. This market would be ideal for an American fashion bra nd because Chinese buyers have a strong preference for foreign products. International fashion retailers, like HM, are already doing so well in this country (Li 2010). Affluent or higher income consumers will also be part of the target demographic. BCG (2011) reports that affluent buyers in China look for emotional gratification in products. Wearing international brands assists them in gaining recognition and respect (Li et. al. 2004). This category of Chinese consumers is also willing to pay a premium for convenience (Li 2010). AF should place its flagship store at an affluent location so as to increase convenience. Price discounts need not be a priority for older, affluent buyers, so only students will be entitled to the incentive. Using celebrities to endorse the product will tap into the need for recognition that many buyers have. A youthful market would also be perfect for the brand because it is fashion savvy and impressionable (Evans et. al. 2005). They place a lot of emphasi s on new trends by learning about them from the media (Zhang 2010). Therefore, this demographic group pays a lot of attention to television advertisements, magazines and other forms of mass media. It is for this reason that the campaign will take advantage of a myriad of platforms (Fill 2009). The above category of consumers is the primary audience for the promotional campaign. However, this campaign will also consist of secondary and tertiary audiences. Trend-setting artists, bloggers and fashion icons will be the secondary audience. They affect opinions on fashion items so their support will affect the reception of the AF brand in China (Pickton and Broderick 2005). Finally, this campaign will also target sports clubs and societies in order to enlarge the brand’s popularity. The latter will be the tertiary audience, and their involvement will assist in lending credibility to the AF brand. Effectiveness The first goal of the campaign is to generate awareness. Therefore, the company will measure the number of visitors in the store before the campaign, during and after the campaign. New versus returning visitors will be compared. To assess the second goal, the firm will compare sales before and after the program. Additionally, the third goal of creating brand loyalty will be assessed by measuring increases in return clients. All figures are available through in-store sales (Chang Thorson 2004). AF will also assess the number of times that it appears on Chinese fashion blogs or websites before and after the campaign. It will monitor feedback from its consumers through surveys. The table below illustrates how the company will evaluate the value of each media platform. Method Duration of measurement Frequency of measurement Parameters Weibo (social media) Assessment of visitors, likes on Weibo Throughout campaign Bi-weekly Number of visitors In-app mobile advert Analysis of call-backs, emails, and correspondence Throughout Weekly Number of call-ba cks, emails and correspondence Viral video Total traffic on television media platform and viewers on YouTube. Throughout the campaign Weekly Number Fashion show Brand referral survey Number of AF mentions on blogs and magazines 3 months I week -% -Number In-store promotions Sales figure assessments One month Once Amount in dollars Outdoor banner Brand recall survey in nearby locations 2 months Once Number of recalls Conclusion Abercrombie and Fitch is an American retailer that is doing relatively poorly in its home market. The firm’s traditional marketing approach of promoting an exclusive lifestyle is falling out favour. Declining profits, store closures and negative sentiments testify to this. Therefore, the promotional campaign will deal with these positioning issues by introducing the brand to the Chinese market. In the creative approach, the key goals of the campaign are to raise brand awareness, increase brand sales and strengthen brand identity in the ta rget market. â€Å"Bare yourself† is the key message; however, the company will redefine it to mean self expression rather than the overt sexiness of the western campaigns. The media strategy will consist of a public relations, sales promotion, direct marketing and advertising segment. In public relations, the company will use China’s key social media website, known as Weibo, as well as in-app advertising to inform the public about its offerings. It will also sponsor sporting events. The sales promotions bit will consist of a fashion show in which celebrities, media bloggers and fashion writers will attend. Students will also get discounts during the first month of opening the flagship store. Direct marketing will consist of mobile applications. Advertising will involve banners and posters with images of celebrities and happy couples wearing AF merchandise. It will also consist of a viral video campaign in which a parking attendant will mistake an AF wearer for the own er of an impressive car. This promotion will target youthful, affluent Chinese customers as the key demographic. The secondary audience will consist of fashion icons, bloggers and influential artists. Sporting clubs and societies are the tertiary audience. AF will assess the effectiveness of the campaign through a comparison of new and returning visitors, in store-sales, visits on the Weibo page, call backs and email correspondence, brand recall survey, traffic on YouTube for the viral video, brand referral surveys and assessment of the number of mentions in fashion blogs and sites. Through these platforms, the company will revitalise its name and boost profits. References Akaka, M Alden, D 2010, ‘Global positioning and perceptions: International advertising and global consumer culture’, International Journal of Advertising, vol. 29 vol. 1, pp. 37-56. BCG 2011, The Age of the Affluent: The dynamics of China’s next consumption engine. Web. Belch, G and Belch, M 2 008, Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, McGraw Hill, New York. Chang, Y Thorson, E 2004, ‘Television and web advertising synergies’, Journal of Advertising, vol.33 no. 4, pp. 75-84. Cook, G 2001, The Discourse of Advertising, Routledge, London. Datamonitor USA 2009, Company Profile: Abercrombie Fitch Co., Routledge, New York. Evans, W, Price, S and Blahut, S 2005, ‘Evaluating the truth Brand’, Journal of Health Communication, vol. 10 no. 2, pp. 181–92. Fill, C 2009, Marketing Communications: Interactivity, Communication and Content, Pearson, Essex. Hackley, C 2010, Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Approach, Sage, London. Hoovers Inc. 2010, Hoover?s In-Depth Company Records: Abercrombie Fitch Co., Minale, Austin,TX. Leiss, W, Kline, S, Jhally, S and Botterill, J 2005, Social Communication in Advertising: consumption in the mediated marketplace, Routledge, London. Li, J, Ji n, X Liu, Y 2004, ‘Statistical analysis of Chinese urban residents’ clothing consumption’, Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology, and Management, vol. 4 no. 2, pp. 1-12. Li, M 2010, Report of Chinese Clothing Industry Annual Report 2009, Guo Lin, Beijing. McFall, L 2004, Advertising: A Cultural Economy, Sage, London. Percy, L, and Elliott R 2009, Strategic Advertising Management, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pickton, D and Broderick, A 2005, Integrated Marketing Communications, Pearson Education, London. Rayner, S 2007, ‘Brand communications at its best’, Elemental Design, February, p. 9. Rosenbloom, S 2009, ‘Abercrombie to Lower Prices; Penney’s Profit Falls’, The New York Times, 16 May, pp.B2 Sasser, S Kosolow, S 2013, ‘Desperately seeking advertising creativity: Engaging an imaginative 3Ps agenda’, Journal of Advertising, vol. 13 no. 6, pp. 5-30. Zhang, H 2010, Outlook to The Future of Chinese Clothing M arket, Na Lian, Wuhan.

Writing Thesis Papers

Writing Thesis Papers Writing Thesis Papers Writing Thesis PapersThis article is written with the purpose to assist you with thesis papers writing. So, lets start exploring the world of successful thesis writing! While it may appear very difficult to write a good thesis paper, you should just start writing a thesis and eventually you may even enjoy the process of researching and writing. Of course, if you have enough time for these tasks. If you have no time to read long manuals on thesis papers writing, this short guide is written just for you!Thesis Papers OutlineThesis outline includes key chapters and subheadings you play to cover in the process of thesis papers writing. Outline may include some notes and remarks youll add in the process of researching. It is a good idea to write objectives for each chapter and to list potential sources as well.Thesis Papers OrganizationSuccessful thesis papers writing depends on your ability to organize your time effectively. Of course, you have to write many other papers for your clas ses, to work, and to find time for your friends. Therefore, time management is essential for thesis writing process. One of the most effective ways to organize your time is to make up a timetable for writing. Every time the draft is written, you may ask your advisor for feedback to incorporate necessary changes in a timely manner. Keep in mind that you should write something daily; even if you add only a couple of sentences or find a useful source, you need to integrate new ideas immediately. In addition, thesis papers should be written in a clear and logical manner. You need to include references to scientific and academic literature to support your ideas. Nevertheless, you should not try to create a simple literature review. All of your ideas should flow logically. Keep in mind that your task is to create an argument, not to offer an overview, even if critical, of the existing information on your topic. Thesis Papers ChaptersTitle Page and AbstractIntroductionLiterature ReviewMeth odologyTheoretical FrameworkResults and DiscussionsConclusionsSuggestionsReferencesAppendicesIf you have no time to devote to thesis papers writing, do not hesitate to order professional services at our site! We can write the best custom thesis papers for you! Give yourself an opportunity to get an A+ on your assignment without any efforts!

Robotics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Robotics - Research Paper Example Plurality of identity refers to chosen or multiple identities (Miller 2013, 2). Real identity is an aggregate of selves or identity aspects in various contexts and real identity is not subject to manipulation (Cocking 2009, 127; 135). Online identities might correspond to real identity and multiple identities are virtually possible on the same or different online platforms (Ellison 2013, 10; 14). Basically, social media enables users manipulate, diversify or distort identities for legitimate reasons such as privacy or deliberate misinformation. Cocking (2009) asserts that computer-mediated communication enables showcasing of users, entrance and contribution to interest groups and communities (123). Digital technologies have enabled modification of identity or creation of several identities (Ludovico, n.d.). Miller (2013; Ludovico, n.d.) refers to the 1993 New Yorker cartoon of a dog telling another that virtually, nobody knows it is a dog to explain virtual identities (3). The dissolution of the real life identity by technological advances results in fragmentation illustrated by multiplicity of identities and interconnections in various digital media. Private content postings results in partial representations of real life identity which is disjointed and rarely matches the original. Ludovico likens the phenomenon to opening up to strangers not likely to be met again. These online identities are unpredictable since they are constantly updated to create fictitious characters and exaggerate of real ones in identity experimentation. In pre and post web 2.0 standards, social media influenced formation of plural identities. The web 2.0 sites enable user generated content as opposed to the preexisting commercially and institutionally generated content (Vallor 2012; Pasquier 2010, 21). Vallor 2012 asserts that early use of these sites linked

From Grass to Grace, - My Family's American Dream Success Essay

From Grass to Grace, - My Family's American Dream Success - Essay Example The constant fear of the safety of the families and friends they left behind in the war zones gave him sleepless nights. My grandfather especially had a very rough time accepting that all he had worked for all his life was destroyed by the civil war. This was a bitter pill for him to swallow at first and he still has those memories fresh in his mind since he hardly skips a day without mentioning it. Having lost all his life savings in the war, the money he had made from a laborer job in a coal mining firm in Nigeria. Since he had been brought up in a poor family he had to struggle in his youth doing manual jobs. All along he had a dream of re-establishing his father’s blacksmiths business which had been shattered by the war, but as time lapsed his dreams became more and more unachievable. Son, the ugliness of the war became a blessing in disguise. As the opportunity to leave behind the dead zone with his young family for the United States was like a dream come true. To them th is was a second chance to start afresh since the United States was described as a land of milk and honey. Getting a visa was difficult at the time when racial discrimination was still high in the US and despite all these to them it was better than living in the war zone. They came into the country with great optimism like the other immigrants, who had heard stories of individual opportunity and the possibility of achieving upward mobility in America. They counted on these promises of paradise on earth, a land that would yield to them all the good things they had lacked in their home country. Their notion towards individual opportunity can be attributed to many rag-to-riches stories of 18th century. Furchtgott-Roth et.al in their book ‘To make World Anew; A history of African Americans’ focused on a young man’s progress from a poor background towards fame and fortune (2009). This was a perfect comparison with my grandfather’s life, he grew from a poor and w ar ravaged neighborhood and struggled to achieve a better life for him and his family. His life was full of struggles from childhood to his adulthood; he had to endure so much to become successful. Although this story was written centuries ago its legacy has been resilient, passing from one generation to another. Unaware of the unflinching anxiety that triggers from societal expectations they started life in a foreign country where they knew nothing about but only the success myths they had heard. Since they had little knowledge of the foreign land they had to face many challenges before they start their lives afresh. It was difficult to get a well paying job and because my grandparents did not have enough education they had to work in several jobs but still the pay was not enough to sustain them. As time went along they started to realize that the actualization of their dreams might be further than they had thought. With every promise of individual opportunity dangling with high pr ize, those factors that would demean prospects surfaced. Having left their country with virtually nothing, they had a tough time ahead and if they were to make it they had to struggle with multiple jobs. I remember my dad telling me that my grandparents left Nigeria with only 75 dollars as their savings. With no job at hand, finding a job to sustain their lives was the greatest challenge; they could not afford house rent and had to live in a shelter home in Alabama. At this time they relied on

Young Goodman Brown Essay Example for Free

Young Goodman Brown Essay â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne about a young man who has to endure the experience of temptations of evil and dance with the devil. Goodman Brown is a young adult who has influences all around him swaying him towards evil that he felt were reliable role models. Hawthorne uses literary devices to display many different meanings in this story. In the story, the most common devices are imagery and symbolism. The imagery used is to help the reader understand the symbolism he is portraying. He uses these devices to develop a theme to the story and provide different aspects of good and evil. Many people now a days fall under the temptation of sin, even Christians. Having faith with God is commonly seen as a good relationship to have and gives you a positive outlook on life, but after losing that faith, your world darkens and not everything seems as bright as it did. Hawthorne’s use of symbolism and imagery helps to develop the theme of Christians losing faith through temptation and peer pressure as Goodman Brown does. Hawthorne uses symbolism throughout the whole story to imply influences of evil around Goodman Brown. The young man decides to take a journey one night because he feels compelled to. His wife Faith begged him not to go, but to stay there with her and hold off the journey until the morning. Hawthorne uses his wife’s name as Faith not by accident; she symbolizes his Faith in God and the innocence left in Goodman Brown. Faith has on her person pink ribbons; these ribbons represent the innocence in Faith because the color pink is known as innocence. Brown does not agree to his wife’s wishes and departs on his journey right around sunset. Brown must leave Faith behind while he goes on his adventure, by that Hawthorne means he not only leaves his wife behind, but also his spiritual faith. He travels through the forest which in itself is symbolism. He walks through the forest at night when it’s dark; Brown not having much visibility the further into the forest he goes is representing his confusion with life right now, not knowing where to go or what to do. Throughout the story, the forest grows darker and darker, representing God’s light fading away and Brown losing his faith. â€Å"The village is a place of light and order, while the forest is a place of darkness and unknown terrors. † (Xia-Chun) Brown then meets a man on his journey; this man is very influential in the story. The man is the devil carrying a staff that Hawthorne describes as serpent-like symbolizing the biblical reference of a serpent being an evil demon. In the Book of Genesis, the serpent is the main temptation Eve has to try the fruit of the forbidden tree. Similar to that, Goodman Brown accepts the devil’s offer of his staff, or serpent, in order to travel quicker. Brown fell under the temptation of the devil. The further into the forest Brown goes, the more he learns about his peers and elderly and the deals with the devil that they have made, thus causing Brown to lose faith. Once he is able to get back into the town of Salem, although he was able to resist the devil, he is still a changed man. Before his journey, he thought the world was a perfect place and no one was capable of hurting anyone or committing the act of sin. The relationship between Creator and creature, and between man and fellow man, is destroyed by sin†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fairbanks 25) After the journey, he realized that there is a lot of darkness and sin in the world and that more people than he realized were capable of unthinkable things and sinning in ways he never would have dreamt of. Hawthorne uses a good amount of symbolism in this story, most of it is obvious symbolism that he wants any reader to understand, not by analyzing deeply but just by having some common knowledge. Therefore, he uses imagery to really help the reader realize the symbolism he is implying. At the beginning of the story, Hawthorne notes that Brown is starting this journey right at sunset; the thought of sunset is considered light fading away and eventually becoming darkness. The use of this imagery provides the thought of symbolism that the young man is going into the unknown darkness and his light, which is a symbol also for his faith, is fading. Another good use of imagery is in the beginning of the story when Hawthorne writes â€Å"And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap, while she called to Goodman Brown† (435). Hawthorne is using the wind to not only emphasize the pink ribbons Faith wears and help readers understand that those ribbons have meaning and is a symbol to her innocence, but also to explain the beauty of nature in Salem before his mind turns pessimistic and the town fades to darkness. Brown’s view of the town at the beginning before he was revealed all of the sin was a bright, pleasant town full of true-spirited people. The experience of this one night in the forest changes Goodman Brown for the rest of his life, for it poisons his relationship with his wife, isolates him from his neighbors, and destroys his ability to worship God. † (Easterly 55) After his trip with the devil, he was a changed man and saw the town with blackened eyes, only able to see the wrong in people and the capabilities of the devil. Hawthorne develops multiple themes during the story of Young Goodman Brown using the literary devices of symbolism and imagery. In telling the story of the journey Brown embarks on, Hawthorne brings the young man through the forest explaining to him that he is not the only one that has fell under the temptation of the devil and sin. For example, Goodman Brown looked up to his father and grandfather just as any young adult man would. When he was informed of the unimaginable thought of them making a deal with the devil: I have been as well acquainted with your family as with ever a one among the Puritans; and that’s not trifle to say. I helped your grandfather, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker woman so smartly through the streets of Salem. And it was I that brought your father a pitch-pine knot, kindled at my own hearth, to set fire to an Indian village, in King Philip’s war. (Hawthorne 436-437) The devil telling Brown about this was a surprise to Goodman because he always looked up to his father and grandfather and never imagined that either of them would be associated with the devil. The devil shows Goodman Brown the acquaintances, loved ones, public figures of the town who have all fallen into the devils trap and have sinned even when Brown looked up to them and thought none of them had evil in them. †¦young naive man who accepts both society in general and his fellowmen as individuals at their own valuation, is in one terrible night presented with the vision of human Evil, and is ever afterwards â€Å"A stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not desperate man†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬  (Fogle 207) The unbelievable knowledge given to him led him into the devil’s trap and no longer saw the world as a pleasant place; he now only saw the evil in people. Just as anyone today would do, Brown fell under temptation and peer pressure and became a figure of sin. Hawthorne explains throughout the story about the temptations and peer pressure of evil that Brown faces. The thought of seeing childhood idols that were perfect in your mind involved in deals with the devil could lead you to feel differently about those people and question your own lessons learned from them. Seeing these people around you engaged in sin and falling into temptations brings a lot of peer pressure to you and leads you to rethink your lifestyle and make you vulnerable to doing things you wouldn’t normally. He explains that Christians lose faith easily and fall into sin through the story of young Goodman Brown using symbolism and imagery.

Changing Roles of Human Resource Management Essay -- Human Resource Ma

Human Resource profession has faced numerous challenges in the past, which has forced HR managers to try and implement various strategies in the work environment all in the aim of survival and prosperity of the business. The National Institute of Personnel Management (NIPM) in India recently organized the 37th annual conference of HRs to discuss the various challenges in the work place and ways of mitigating them. It was unanimously concluded that HR managers needed to revise its roles and create new roles for organizations. The new roles would help in repairing the structural foundation of a company by being proactive and innovative instead of following monotonous routine schedules. Despite the challenges and solutions to the problems that have been suggested, the question still remains, who shall take care of HR managers if they themselves are caretakers and contribute to strengthening the backbone of a company? Culcuttta et al, 2007, suggests that strategies to be implemented should be in tandem with the current trends in globalization, technology, diversity, e-business, and ethics. Furthermore, the need to take care of HR managers goes hand in hand with the saying that â€Å"No company is sick, nor the commodity, but the performing and non performing managers are the ones who matter the most in carrying forward a business successfully.† In the last twenty years there has been a gradual transition in style and substance from personnel management to HR management, and more recently to international HR management. Briscoe et al, (2008, p. 22) believe that the personnel management role lacked strategic relevance because it was mainly an administrative type role whereas the modern concept of HR is much more strategic in scope. Globali... ...alcutta IIM, Sridha, R., Pathak DD., Ganguly S. (Feb. 21, 2007). The statesman. A newspaper published on New Delhi. Retrieved on January 20th 2011 from: http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/pqdweb?did=1219601621&Fmt=3&clientId=13118&RQT=309&VName=PQD Holbenche L. (2009). Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy (2nd ed.). Elsevier Limited. Burlington. Pp. 165-195 Soupata L. (November, 2004). Executive excellence: a case study of UPS. A Journal on Human Resource Management. United States. Vol. 21, Iss. 11; pg. 15, 2 pgs. Retrieved on January 19th, 2011 from: http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/pqdweb?did=750794951&Fmt=4&clientId=13118&RQT=309&VName=PQD Tsui P.Y. and Lai K.T. (2009). Professional Practices of Human Resource Management in Hong Kong: Linking HRM to organizational success. Hong Kong University Press. Pp. 85-89

English: It’s position in the global arena Essay

English occupies an important position in global education at the moment. It seems to be seen as a high status language with an inherent connection to capitalism and globalism. The example websites given, one from a university in the Netherlands and the other from Brazil. Both websites are presented in English as well as their national language, despite the fact that English is a secondary language in both nations. This status, rivalling even the official language of the country, seems to have sprung from a number of sources, not the least the general impression that English has become the new lingua franca. The prestige and encroaching ubiquity of English has contributed to it’s increasingly high position within academia. The history of colonialism, the status of English schools in the wider global community and the inexorable link most countries place between capitalism and English. It is also greatly affected by the various policies adopted by countries. Of course this all begs the question of whether the position of English in higher education is a beneficial one, or another form of English imperialism. Politics plays a hefty role in the position of English and it has always been influenced by the relative prestige it enjoys when compared to other languages. The websites shown both exemplify this status. While both websites are based in countries where the official language is not English (Dutch and Spanish respectively), both either presented in English (the Maastricht website) or have a full English translation available (the San Paolo website)(The University of San Paolo, 2013)(Maastricht University, 2013). This shows the remarkable influence that the English language has a secondary education, especially considering they originate from countries that have no history of British colonialism. Other countries, such as India or Malaysia, have these ties to English through the colonial history of the British Empire. In particular, the legacy of colonialism has had a profound effect on the position of English, not just in higher education, but in the world. During the occupation of the various countries that became part of the British empire, it tended to be the policy to educate the native populace in English, to better integrate them into the lower rungs of government. These countries tend to link English with a higher status of education, and, therefore, enact policies to try to capitalise on this  perceived prestige (Hewings, 2012, p96-99). For example, Mahatma Gandhi was educated in an English university, before returning to lead his nation. Also contributing to this sense of the superiority of English is the fact that many of these countries do not share a common language to begin with (India, Malaysia and a variety of countries). Thus, the enforcement of English in education provided a common language for various regions to communicate. India, in particular, has a strong history of this. In turn, this makes higher education in English almost inevitable, as the high status of higher education is naturally paired with the high st atus of English within these countries. However, this can be quite controversial in within the country, with the general feeling that the use of English for governance and education leads to a degrading of the native languages. It has also lead to questions of the usefulness of teaching in English, due to the very real possibility of students having a less than perfect grasp of the language(Martin, 2012, p125-129). This stems from the fact that being able to speak a language is different from being able to study academically in it(Hewings, 2012, p103-105). While these are valid concerns, the political and social backing of English means that the position of English within the higher education spheres of these ex-colonial territories is well-secured. There are also practical reasons for the position of English in higher education. One reason is that many of the industries that are desirable to students in higher education have higher English language skill requirements. Fields such as science, engineering and programming all rely on a high level of English based technical speech and many higher education courses are offered in English(Hewings, 2012, p115-120). For example, if one wishes to study any of the sciences, one must become familiar with the technical terms and writing of various academic publications, a large proportion of which are published in English. These fields require a higher level of education to enter, and necessitate at least a passing knowledge of English to comprehend. English is also used at the highest levels of business, giving rise to the idea that English has become a global lingua franca for business and technology. Thus many will learn English as a means of appearing more business-like and professiona l, and to help them compete in the global market(Gray, 2012, p146-148). This gives rise to a feedback  loop, wherein to enter these fields, one must speak English well enough to learn them, which in turn causes those fields to be even more locked in to English based higher education. Additionally, a number of industries have sprung up around higher education, such as academic publishing or English language teacher training. These industries provide a sustained push for the position of English, with resources for higher education being produced by publishers based out of English language universities(Gray, 2012, p148-150, p158-161). These publishers have little economic incentive to publish in other languages, thus most high end resources for universities are published and sourced from English speaking countries. This is shown by the high amount of universities that offer their courses in English(Hewings, 2012, p113). This establishes that a large quantity of materials used in secondary education, and a lot of the more prestigious training for teachers of such, stem from English language universities. Even European universities have begun to offer courses entirely in English, especially in the Eastern European countries such as Slovakia. In these countries, especially those that gained their independence with the fall of the Soviet Union, English is seen as the language of capitalism(Prendergast C., 2012, p33-35). As such, younger people, seeking ambitiously to carve a place for themselves, learn English to better place themselves in higher status jobs(Prendergast C., 2012, p35-38 ). In turn, this created a demand for higher education in English, to the point where the price of these courses skyrocketed (Prendergast C., 2012, p33). All of these factors have contributed to the seemingly dominant position of English in higher education. Many people have argued for and against the position of English in higher education, with some claiming that the ubiquity of English allows for greater collaboration and dissemination of information (Prime Minister’s Office, 2008, Seargeant, 2012, p9-10) while others claim that this same ubiquity is pushing out other languages(Sutherland, 2002, Seargeant, 2012, p10) and the features of education that those languages have. This debate further solidifies the position of English within higher education, due to the simple acknowledgement such a debate infers. By the basic fact that such a debate is happening, the participants have agreed that English has a dominating presence within higher education. One such argument posited by  those against the proliferation, is that other languages slide into decline and with them their own particular features within higher education, for example the French thesis-antithesis-synthesis essay(Coleman, 2006, Hewings, 2012, p114-115). If English becomes the sole language of higher education, then these features may simply cease to exist. The counter argument to this is that the growing ubiquity of English allows for a much greater sharing of information due to providing a common point for many different countries. An additional argument against is that teaching in more than one language can be beneficial to the students ((Monaghan, p134 – 136). This argument ignores the difficulties of training teachers in the multitude of languages that they may encounter within the classroom from students of varied backgrounds. Equally, one must not forget that higher education is not only the stage for education but is also a great contributor to the development of science and a retainer of scientific knowledge. By setting the standard of higher education to one language, which did not necessarily have to be English, a much greater pool of knowledge can be made available than might otherwise be possible. Students from various background and cultures would be able to access the same sources of information and, thus have a gr eater chance of advancing and gaining knowledge. In conclusion, the position of English within higher education can be thought of as a useful one. It came about due to the specific historical and political factors unique to English. It just so happened that most of the mathematical, scientific and technological notation is based largely in English (for example, the development of the internet was an American innovation). It also just so happened that the notion of capitalism and big business is also closely associated with English. Equally, the legacy of colonialism has meant that the English language is spread widely around the globe, and is linked to the upper rungs of these societies, due to the government of these colonies being run largely by Englishmen and the natives they taught English too. These factors all combine into a general view of English as being the language of professionalism and of globalism, making it attractive for those with skill sets derived from higher education(). In turn this created demand for English t o be the language these courses were taught in. Whether or not this is a good thing is a matter for debate, but  for good or ill, the fact remains. English enjoys a lofty position within the higher education system of the world. References: Gray J. (2012), ‘English the industry’ in Hewings A. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 137 – 163 Hewings A. (2012), ‘Learning English, learning through English’ in Hewings A. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 93 – 120 Maastricht University (2013) Maastricht University, Leading in Learning [online], http://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ (accessed 11/04/2013) Martin P. (2012), ‘Tensions between language policy and practice’ in Hewings A. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 121 – 128 Monaghan F. (2012), ‘English lessens’ in Hewings A. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 129 – 136 Open University (2012), U215, The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The Open University Prendergast C.(2012), ‘English and ambivalence in a new capitalist state’ in Hewings A. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 33 – 39 Seargeant P. (2012), ‘The politics and policies of global English’ in Hewings A. And Tagg C. (eds) The Politics of English Conflict, Competition, Co-existence, Abingdon, Routledge/Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 5 – 32 The University of San Paolo (2013) Universidade de Sao Paulo [online], http://www5.usp.br/en/ (accessed 11/04/2013)

Nurger King Project Including Pestel Analysis

Global service economy project Burger King Table of content: 1. Introduction 2. Presentation of the company 3. PESTEL analysis of the company 4. Poters 5 forces analysis 5. Resources Introduction In this project we would like to look from the insight of the Burger King Company and analyse the main factors which affects the progress and development of the organisation, as well as its business future. To accomplish a clear look-up on the company and undertake the analysis we are going to use the PESTEL model and Poter’s five forces model. A PESTEL analysis most commonly is used to measure a market.It can be used for marketing and business development and decision making. There are many factors that affect the decisions of managers of any company. To encourage proactive thinking and help analyse the organisation’s macro-environment managers use the PESTEL model, where PESTEL stands for: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal. Potter’ fiv e forces is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development. It consists of five forces which affect a company’s ability to serve its customers and make profit.Potter’s five forces refer to: threat of new entrants, power of suppliers, power of consumers, threat of substitutes, competitive rivalry. Burger King Company Burger King is an international franchise organisation. It was founded in 1954 and with its signature recipes and family friendly dinning environment the company grew tremendously on the market and became one of the most famous restaurants for fast food in the world. Nowadays it is the second largest hamburger chain. Burger King suffered many changes during the years . It changed the owner of the company a couple of times .It also started a new way of advertising , which turned out to bring it very big success. First the adverticements were animated and were popular within the kids. The company also changed its slogan a couple of times and that is what makes it intresgting among the people. Later on in the history of Burger King was introduced the breakfast menu which became very popular and immediately turned out into hit. During the years the company kept improving by introdusing new sandwiches and advertisments where was always said that the customers are important for them .Eight years after establishing the first restaurant in the US , the company had 275 restarants more all around the country . Later was opened the first Burger King restaurant abroad – in Puerto Rico . This was the beginning of expanding and thinking globally. Nowadays Burger King have restaurants in many countries all around the world . It is the second most popular fast food chain , after McDonald‘s . People love it because of the unique way of preparing its sanwiches and the friendly autmosphere each of the restaurants has. PESTEL analysis of Burger King CompanyPolitical factors At widest the Political environment and factors refers to tax policies, environmental laws, trade restrictions and etc. and may also refer to goods and services which the government want to provide or not provide. In general the Burger King Company is not seriously affected by the political environment. It is only affected by the tax rate, which is different in every country. There were also debates in the Arabian world, regarding an offense to the Muslim religion through a kind of ice-cream the company provides.However, at the moment in Saudi Arabia is one of the biggest Burger King restaurants. Economic factors Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, inflation and etc. Burger King is one of the biggest fast food chains as well as a fast growing franchise company. Since 1950’s first starting with one restaurant in Florida it has become world-known and nowadays it has more than 12,000 restaurants in 76 countries. Social factors Social factors refer to the population growth, age and demand. Burger King is a world-known company famous for its delicious fast food.There is high demand for warm, tasty and cheap food, no matter the age or gender. The company use only chicken or beef meat and for this reason the food is consumed even in the Muslim countries. Of course the demand will differ between countries with higher or less population. Technological factors Technological factors include innovations, marketing campaigns, automation and technological change. Burger King is fast growing company because of the innovations and marketing campaigns. It is famous logo is easily recognised by people of all ages.The company have tried a lot of different marketing campaign, changed its logo and it business strategies several times since it grew up outside the boarders of US. Environmental factors Environmental factors include ecological and environmental factors such as water, climate, pollution and etc. Burger King Company is trying methods which will not harm the environment and even will have positive impact on it. They have started a Burger King Going Green Session for their employees and member of supply chains. The company is also very concerned about recycling and reusing.On global level BK Company have chosen to purchase beef raised in environmentally responsible ways. Legal factors Legal factors include consumer, employee, and health and safety law As a condition of doing business within the BURGER KING Franchise system, every approved vendor must comply with the Code of Business Ethics and Conduct for Vendors. Burger King Company have partnered and received recognition from variety of organisations that share their dedication to be a good corporate citizen and improve the communities around the world. Poters five forces analysisThe Five forces analysis is a framework created to help understand the structure of an organization or company‘s position with respect to the forces operating in the microenvironment. It is also used to explain the competitor‘s performance on the market. The five forces are: Threat of new entrants Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of customers Threat of substitute products Degree of competitive rivalry Threat of New entrants – Threat of new entrants refers to new companies entering the market and competing with the present ones.To become competitive Burger King Company is constantly introducing new trends on the market which are interesting for the people. However, the industry they are in is already overloaded with restaurants and fast food chains. The most important thing that keeps them popular still is their reputation of always tasty foods and the family friendly environment. The way they advertise themselves is also one of the major factors which helps them survive in the competition with other fast food chains and restaurants.Bargaining power of suppliers – If the buyer is powerful enough to negotiate the price than the profit will be reduced. Burger King knows that very well that‘s why they have fixed prices for every hamburger they offer and the prices are very affordable. It‘s rather cheap and that is what customers like. Burger King combines cheap prices with high quality hamburgers and fries and also family and kids friendly environment. Burger King restaurants always implement that kids are their most important customers and for this reason they do a lot to attract them.This is a wise move because if you attract the kids you will also attract their parents and their friends. The uniqueness that the supplier provide with his resources: The suppliers of Burger King know that they want only the best quality meat and potatoes. Burger King Company use only trusted products and everything they do has a fresh taste. But however if the recourse is essential to the buying firm and there is no close substitutes then suppliers might be at a powerful position. That way they can sell on a higher price.Burger King knows that perfectly well and a lways has more than just one supplier so that they can choose the better price and the better quality of the products they want. The power of the customer – The power of the customer in relation to The Burger King Company is increasingly dominated by a small number of large retail products. If a market situation in which the product or service of several sellers is sought by only one buyer. The Burger King Company seeks to push the prices down. Moreover, the powerful customers act under pressure to drive prices down.Determination of buyer power: They offer a great range of products. Furthermore buyers in the restaurant industry are said to have weaker power because of the highly individualistic nature of the industry. Foods are served for each person and are not bought in large volumes. Further, the levels of uniqueness of the industry’s meals and surrounding are another determinant of the buyer power, aside from the available money to be spent on food. Nonetheless, th e consumers will attempt to find best prices for a meal as well, and will settle for restaurants which offer promotions and price cuts.Fast food chains like McDonalds, Starbucks, Burger King, etc. are examples of these restaurants apart from catering to on-the-go people through drive thrust . For instance the company offer different size and kinds of sandwiches. The Burger King Company has great variety of menu as well. It is not limited only in sandwiches. That diversity of products and discount contribute to the bargaining power of buyers. Threat of the substitute products – The Burger King Company has a threat of substitute result in a new products and service competing closely with existing ones.First of all, they have differentiation and diversification strategies. Secondly, the company create switching costs to prevent loss of customers. The original is always better than the substitute and the customers might see that difference between products. It is a big risk to su bstitute the original and it might cost a lot . If there is a threat of a rival product that means that the firm will have to lower its prices and improve the quality of the product. We see this when we go to Burger King Restaurants. It‘s prices are lower than McDonald‘s for instance and the quality is better.They lower their prices because McDonald‘s is their biggest competition and the fight between them is big. That‘s why Burger King constantly changes the prices of their products to attract customers. So far they have been very successful with this method and they keep on expanding their chain of restaurants using that exact method. Degree of rivalry – Slow industry growth or decline makes competitors more desperate. For instance, when facing declining consumer interest in fast food, McDonald’s launched its 81 menu featuring the Big Tasty burger, which cost $ 1. 07 to make in some restaurants.This action, designed to wear out McDonaldâ€℠¢s chief rivals, Burger King and Wendy’s, squeezed industry wide margins. Finally, if there are only a small number of rivals led by a few dominant firms, no capacity is added incrementally, industry growth is strong and exit cost are reasonable. The degree of rivalry is likely to be moderate and industry profit more stable. Moreover, conditions opposite from those grant intense rivalry. Resources www. bk. com http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/564112/fast_food_global_industry_guid http://gwdocs. whopper. com/FDD/FDD_USA. pdf https://bkdelivers. com/#! menu John Tribe (2011)

Native American Civ. essays

Native American Civ. essays There is much significance in this statement, Glorying in their new strength, the Spaniards were eager to outstrip the Portuguese rivals in the race to tap the wealth in the Indies. First of all, at the time Portugal controlled much of the African coast and thus controlled the gateway to the round-Africa water route to India. They had established trading posts, in which they sold both gold and slaves, alongside much of the African coastline. The Portuguese had created a system in which they forced the slaves to work the sugar plantations, which they had established on several of the African islands, right off the mainland. Despite their success in Africa, the Portuguese went farther southward in order to find a water route to Asia. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias made it to the southern tip of Africa, and ten years later Vasco da Gama reached India, essentially the Indies, which is derived from India; and returned home with a small but rather fascinating portion of jewels and spices. At the same time, Spain was very excited due to the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille, as well as the exiling of the unfaithful Muslim Moors from Spain. This relieved Spain greatly because there had been Christian-Islamic warfare for centuries. Therefore, Spain had a surge of strength and were apt for the challenge to outstrip Portugal in the race to tap the wealth in the Indies. However, by the time Spain reached the Indies, Portugal already had control of the Indies, to the south and east. Therefore Spain was forced to go west. When the Spaniards went westward, they discovered the New World, or America. This discovery consequently led to increased European expansion in the west. Therefore, the key significance of Spains sudden surge of strength is the discovery of the New World and well as increased European expansions of countries out west. ...

3 More Rules for Producing Consistent Content

3 More Rules for Producing Consistent Content 3 More Rules for Producing Consistent Content 3 More Rules for Producing Consistent Content By Mark Nichol Here are a handful of tips that will help you produce clean, clear writing regardless of topic, intent, and audience. 1. Insert or Omit Hyphens as Needed Adjectival phrases that precede a noun, such as â€Å"free range† before chicken, generally take hyphens, though if the phrase is a standing phrase documented in dictionaries (as is â€Å"high school†), leave the hyphen out when using the phrase to modify a noun (â€Å"high school student†). Adverbial phrases such as â€Å"newly discovered† never take hyphens, but those with flat adverbs (those lacking the -ly ending), such as â€Å"well earned,† always do before (but not after) a noun. Most prefixes are attached directly to the root word (antiwar, cosponsor, deactivate, neoconservative, preapproved, reorganize, and so on), though there are exceptions (for example, when the root word is a proper name or when the first letter of the prefix is an i and the first letter of the root word is, too). When in doubt, look it up. When not in doubt, look it up anyway. A few compounds remain hyphenated. (Light-year and mind-set are two of the most common.) Learn these exceptions to the rule that compound nouns are either open or closed. 2. Minimize Jargon On a related note, when using specialized language, make sure that all content producers in your organization are in line with the definition and application of the terminology (and, again, publicize within the organization and document it) and that external consumers of your content understand it, too. But take care not to burden the reader with a heavy concentration of jargon; carefully manage a balance of authoritative language with clarity. Also, avoid using acronyms and initialisms unless readers are familiar with them or they are introduced in every document, on every web page, or in every email message- spelled out on first reference, followed by the parenthesized abbreviation. If feasible, provide a glossary of terms and abbreviations. 3. Avoid Adjective Stacks On a related note, avoid strings of adjectives that modify nouns; for example, reword â€Å"information technology risk management mitigation efforts† to â€Å"efforts to mitigate risks in managing information technology.† Find related tips in this post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?Acronym vs. InitialismWriting a Thank You Note

Environmental science assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental science assignment - Essay Example (MacFarlan & Sgherri, 2001) Research has also demonstrated that there is a direct relationship between the extent of HIV prevalence and the severity of reduction in growth of gross domestic product in a country. (Piot et al, 2001) Many children in Botswana are growing up with one parent, and a growing percentage are growing up having lost both parents to AIDS or to concomitant infections. It has been suggested that the increased population of orphans could have a negative effect on biodiversity caused by excessive reliance on hunting and food gathering of children orphaned by AIDS. It also seems extremely likely that the dispensation of human bodies could prove problematic, as any mechanism for caring for the dead could involve contamination of air or groundwater. Further studies must be undertaken to fully understand the ramifications of AIDS infections and deaths on the environmental status of Botswana and other South African countries. 1d) The US and Canada could take many steps t o reduce the prevalence of AIDS in Botswana and in sub-Saharan Africa in general. For one, working to equalize treatment of women would go a long way toward preventing new infections. Supporting programs to educate girls and women would reduce infection, and providing safe spaces for girls and women would prevent infection through rape and other nonconsensual sexual acts. The Stephen Lewis Foundation funds educational programs for young women and girls in an effort to empower them to protect and support themselves. 2) Precautionary Principle â€Å"The precautionary principle sets forth no positive obligation; it simply reminds legislators that they cannot wait for proof of a cause-effect linkage between a given substance, process, or activity and environmental harm before acting to reduce or eliminate the risk of this harm.† (Ellis, 2006) As a justification for public health policy in particular, the precautionary principle has serious drawbacks. Likewise, a company seeking t o introduce a novel substance or process into the environment ought to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of that novelty before being permitted to act. Critics have stacked precautionary practices because they have "produced and promoted ineffectual environmental policies." (Gardiner, 2006). This practice presupposes that human beings fully understand their environment, and that they fully comprehend the ramifications of that. Suppose a process designed to remove chemical pollution from the air was introduced, and that this process involves the use of heavy metals to bind the aforementioned chemical pollution. How would the resultant toxic slurry be disposed of? What about potential harm to individuals working to implement the law? These questions and more would have to be addressed in a satisfactory manner before the process should be legalized, and companies permitted to go forward with implementation plans. Anyone wishing to introduce a new chemical, industrial process, land us e change or any other significant and novel development into any society should absolutely be required to demonstrate not only the safety but the efficacy of that development and transparency of intent before they are permitted to introduce it, even if they are ostensibly acting in the interests of public health. All too often, the needs of large corporations are valued over those of individual human beings. Anyone who stands to make a profit from the introduction or implementation of a novel venture ought to be prohibited from sponsoring